PDE 113 PAST
QUESTION AND ANSWER
INTRODUCTION TO
EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENTAND PLANNING
QUESTION
1
(a) Mention any four educational
agencies in Nigeria
What the question asks:
- The exam is asking the student to identify four
organizations that are responsible for education in Nigeria.
- “Mention” means you only need to list them, but
you should know their purpose.
In-depth answer:
1.
National
Universities Commission (NUC)
– Supervises all Nigerian universities to ensure standards. It accredits
programs and ensures universities meet quality benchmarks.
2.
National
Board for Technical Education (NBTE)
– Oversees polytechnics and technical colleges, ensuring technical and
vocational education meets national standards.
3.
Universal
Basic Education Commission (UBEC)
– Ensures all children have access to basic education. UBEC provides funding,
monitors schools, and implements policies for primary and junior secondary
education.
4.
Teachers
Registration Council of Nigeria (TRCN)
– Registers and regulates teachers, sets professional standards, and ensures
quality teaching.
Explanation:
Here, the student demonstrates knowledge of official education bodies
and their roles. You could also explain why they matter in Nigeria’s education
system.
(b) Explain the role of each
department in the Federal Ministry of Education
What the question asks:
- “Explain the role” means the student must describe
the function or responsibility of each department, not just name them.
- This tests understanding of how the Ministry is
organized and the work of each department.
In-depth answer:
1.
Planning,
Research and Statistics Department (PRS)
o
Conducts research to improve
education.
o
Collects, analyzes, and reports
educational data.
o
Helps policy-makers plan future
education programs based on statistics.
o
Why it
matters: Without data, decisions may be
ineffective.
2.
Post-Secondary
and Higher Education Department
o
Oversees universities, polytechnics,
and colleges of education.
o
Ensures curricula are appropriate
and quality is maintained.
o
Approves new programs and monitors
academic standards.
o
Why it
matters: Ensures tertiary education meets
national development goals.
3.
Inspectorate
Department
o
Visits schools to ensure rules,
policies, and curricula are being followed.
o
Evaluates teachers’ and
administrators’ performance.
o
Recommends improvements.
o
Why it
matters: Maintains school quality and
accountability.
4.
Administration
and Personnel Management Department
o
Handles recruitment, training, and
welfare of Ministry staff.
o
Manages day-to-day operations of the
Ministry.
o
Ensures proper human resource management.
o
Why it
matters: Smooth operations and competent
staff are critical for effective education management.
QUESTION
2
(a) Briefly discuss the components
of educational planning
What the question asks:
- Student must explain the parts or building blocks of
educational planning.
- “Briefly discuss” means a short, clear explanation, not
just a list.
In-depth answer:
Components are essential elements needed to plan education effectively:
1.
Policy
formulation – Setting clear goals and
objectives. Without policy, planning lacks direction.
2.
Curriculum
planning – Deciding what students should
learn and how it is delivered.
3.
Human
resources planning – Recruiting, training, and
deploying teachers and staff.
4.
Financial
planning – Allocating and budgeting funds
for programs, infrastructure, and salaries.
5.
Infrastructure
planning – Building schools, providing
classrooms, laboratories, libraries, and materials.
6.
Monitoring
and evaluation – Checking if plans are working and
making adjustments.
Explanation:
- This shows the student understands education is more
than just teaching; it requires systematic organization and resources.
(b) Discuss FIVE considerations you
would give to the general objectives of an educational plan
What the question asks:
- Student should explain factors that guide the
objectives of a plan, i.e., what you must think about when setting
goals for education.
In-depth answer:
1.
National
goals – Education must align with
Nigeria’s development objectives (e.g., technology, economy, unity).
2.
Socio-economic
needs – Plan must address employment,
skill development, and poverty reduction.
3.
Resource
availability – Goals must be realistic given
available teachers, funding, and materials.
4.
Population
trends – Consider expected student growth
to avoid overcrowding and shortages.
5.
Cultural
relevance – Education should respect
traditions, languages, and values of the community.
Explanation:
- Shows practical thinking, ensuring educational
objectives are achievable and meaningful.
QUESTION
3
(a) Enumerate and discuss FOUR
leadership styles
What the question asks:
- Student should identify types of leadership and
explain how each style works in a school or organization.
In-depth answer:
1.
Autocratic – Leader makes all decisions; staff follow instructions.
Fast decision-making but can reduce staff motivation.
2.
Democratic – Leader involves staff in decisions; improves
collaboration and morale.
3.
Laissez-faire – Leader delegates most tasks; staff have freedom. Works
with experienced teams, but can lead to confusion if unchecked.
4.
Transformational – Leader inspires staff toward a vision; encourages
innovation and high performance.
Explanation:
- Shows understanding of different ways to lead
and their impact on school management.
(b) Discuss any FIVE leadership
qualities that a school administrator should possess
What the question asks:
- Identify personal traits that make a school
leader effective.
In-depth answer:
1.
Integrity – Honesty and ethical behavior build trust.
2.
Decision-making
ability – Choosing wisely and timely.
3.
Communication
skills – Clear instructions and feedback
to staff and students.
4.
Empathy – Understanding staff and students’ challenges.
5.
Visionary – Ability to plan for the school’s future and motivate
staff.
Explanation:
- Highlights that good leadership is not just about
authority but character and vision.
QUESTION
4
Explain the possible sources of
finances in school
What the question asks:
- Student must list where a school can get money
and explain briefly each source.
In-depth answer:
1.
Government
funding – Salaries, grants, and programs
from federal, state, or local governments.
2.
Tuition
fees – Money paid by students or parents
for school operations.
3.
Donations
and sponsorships – Contributions from
philanthropists, NGOs, or organizations.
4.
School
enterprises – Income from school businesses
(cafeteria, farm, or workshops).
5.
Alumni
contributions – Financial support from former
students.
6.
Grants and
loans – From international agencies,
foundations, or banks.
Explanation:
- Understanding school financing ensures sustainability
and proper planning.
QUESTION
5
(a) Differentiate between
Orientation and Induction
What the question asks:
- Explain how orientation and induction are different,
even though both introduce new staff or students.
In-depth answer:
|
Aspect |
Orientation |
Induction |
|
Purpose |
Introduce general school
information (rules, policies, environment) |
Introduce job-specific roles,
responsibilities, and performance expectations |
|
Duration |
Short-term (1–2 days usually) |
Longer-term (weeks or months) |
|
Focus |
Socialization into school culture |
Training for specific tasks and
expectations |
Explanation:
- Orientation is about familiarization, induction
is about training and competence in a role.
QUESTION
6
Discuss the functions of FIVE
departments of the Federal Ministry of Education
What the question asks:
- Student should explain what each department does,
showing knowledge of how the Ministry operates.
In-depth answer:
1.
Planning,
Research and Statistics Department
– Research, collect data, and provide information for decision-making.
2.
Post-Secondary
and Higher Education Department
– Supervise universities and colleges; maintain quality standards.
3.
Inspectorate
Department – Inspects schools; evaluates
teachers and administrators.
4.
Administration
and Personnel Management Department
– Manages recruitment, staff welfare, and office operations.
5.
Finance
and Accounts Department – Manages
school and Ministry budgets; ensures proper allocation of funds.
Explanation:
- Understanding these functions shows how government
oversight and school management are structured in Nigeria.
POE 113 PAST QUESTION AND ANSWER
INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENTAND PLANNING
QUESTION 1
(a) What is Economics of Education? (5 marks)
What the question asks:
·
Define Economics of Education clearly. The student
should show understanding that this is about applying
economic principles to education.
In-depth answer:
·
Economics of Education is the study of how
resources are allocated, used, and managed in education. It examines the costs, benefits, and outcomes of educational investment.
·
It looks at how education contributes to
individual and societal development, including productivity, income, and
economic growth.
Explanation:
·
The student should focus on economic reasoning in education, not general economics.
(b) Discuss briefly the under-listed economic
terms used in education (20 marks)
What the question asks:
·
Explain the meaning of each term and how it applies to
education.
In-depth answer:
1.
Investment in Education
o
Refers to spending on education (schools, teachers,
materials) to achieve future returns, such as higher
income, productivity, and national development.
o
Example: Paying for teacher training is an investment in
quality education.
2.
Cost and Benefits of Education
o
Cost: Money, time, and
resources spent on education (tuition fees, infrastructure, teacher salaries).
o
Benefits: Returns from
education (better job, higher income, skill development, social advantages).
o
Economic principle: Society and individuals weigh costs vs benefits when investing in education.
3.
Education Demand and Supply
o
Demand: The need or desire
for education by individuals and society.
o
Supply: The availability of
educational opportunities (schools, teachers, materials).
o
Example: High demand for secondary education requires
sufficient schools to meet it.
4.
Physical and Human Capital
o
Physical Capital: Tangible assets
used in education, e.g., school buildings, libraries, laboratories.
o
Human Capital: Knowledge, skills,
and abilities of teachers and students developed through education.
o
Example: Investing in teachers’ training increases human
capital; building labs improves physical capital.
Explanation:
·
The student should show that education is an economic activity, involving investment, costs,
benefits, and both tangible and intangible resources.
QUESTION 2
(a) What is a school plant? (5 marks)
What the question asks:
·
Define school plant. Focus on physical facilities and resources in a school.
In-depth answer:
·
A school plant refers to all physical facilities, equipment, and materials used in the teaching
and learning process.
·
Examples: Classrooms, laboratories, libraries,
playgrounds, offices, furniture, and teaching aids.
(b) Examine any four importance of a school plant (8 marks)
What the question asks:
·
Explain why having a good
school plant is necessary.
In-depth answer:
1.
Enhances learning – Adequate
facilities promote better teaching and learning.
2.
Provides comfort and safety – Good
infrastructure ensures students and staff are safe.
3.
Promotes efficiency – Well-equipped
classrooms and labs reduce time wasted.
4.
Improves school image – Attractive
facilities create a positive impression for stakeholders.
(c) Discuss any three maintenance services of a school plant identified
by Fobis Jordan (1985) (6 marks)
What the question asks:
·
Explain types of maintenance needed to
keep school facilities functional.
In-depth answer:
1.
Preventive maintenance – Routine checks to
prevent breakdowns (e.g., inspecting roofs, furniture, electrical systems).
2.
Corrective maintenance – Repairing
facilities after damage or breakdown (e.g., fixing broken doors or chairs).
3.
Routine maintenance – Regular cleaning,
painting, and upkeep to ensure facilities remain usable.
(d) Justify the need for regular maintenance of a school plant (6 marks)
What the question asks:
·
Explain why continuous maintenance is
important.
In-depth answer:
·
Ensures safety of students and
staff.
·
Prolongs the lifespan
of facilities.
·
Prevents high repair costs due to neglect.
·
Maintains a conducive learning environment, improving academic
outcomes.
QUESTION 3
(a) Discuss briefly the roles of the Personnel Department in our
educational system (10 marks)
What the question asks:
·
Explain how the personnel department
manages human resources in schools.
In-depth answer:
1.
Recruitment and selection – Hiring qualified
teachers and staff.
2.
Training and development – Organizing
workshops, seminars, and professional growth programs.
3.
Staff welfare – Ensuring health,
safety, and motivation of employees.
4.
Performance appraisal – Evaluating staff
effectiveness and recommending promotions.
5.
Discipline and administration – Handling
complaints, enforcing rules, and managing staff records.
(b) Write short notes on:
i. Staff Retention (15 marks)
·
Definition: Keeping experienced
and skilled staff in the school.
·
Importance: Reduces recruitment
costs, preserves institutional knowledge, and improves continuity in teaching
quality.
·
Strategies: Incentives, good
working conditions, recognition, career development, and fair treatment.
ii. Transfer and Termination of Appointment
·
Transfer: Moving staff to
different schools or departments for administrative needs or professional
growth.
·
Termination: Ending employment
due to retirement, resignation, misconduct, or redundancy.
·
Importance: Ensures optimal staff deployment, compliance with regulations, and
organizational efficiency.
QUESTION 4
(a) List the four approaches in educational planning (20 marks)
What the question asks:
·
Identify different methods or strategies used to plan
education.
In-depth answer:
1.
Forecasting approach – Predicting future
educational needs using statistical data.
2.
Objective-oriented approach – Planning based on
clear goals and outcomes.
3.
Administrative approach – Planning based on
resource allocation and management.
4.
Economic approach – Planning education
considering costs, benefits, and investment returns.
(b) Discuss the merits of any one of the approaches (10 marks)
What the question asks:
·
Explain advantages of using a specific
approach.
In-depth answer (Objective-oriented approach example):
·
Ensures education aligns with national
goals.
·
Helps in monitoring and evaluating
success.
·
Encourages efficient use of resources by focusing on what
is to be achieved.
·
Facilitates accountability for results.
QUESTION 6
(a) Examine the background to the theory of the Scientific Management
Approach in administration propounded by Frederick Taylor (15 marks)
What the question asks:
·
Explain the origin and main ideas of Taylor’s
Scientific Management Theory.
In-depth answer:
·
Developed by Frederick
Taylor in the early 20th century to improve industrial efficiency.
·
Based on the principle that work should be studied scientifically to find the best
method for performing tasks.
·
Key ideas:
1.
Work-study and time-motion analysis to reduce wasted
effort.
2.
Division of labor for efficiency.
3.
Selection and training of workers scientifically.
4.
Incentive-based payment to motivate workers.
·
Applied in education to improve
school administration and teacher productivity.
(b) Outline the criticisms
against the Scientific and Administrative Management Approach in Educational
Management and Administration (5 marks)
What the question asks:
·
Explain limitations or drawbacks of applying these theories
in schools.
In-depth answer:
1.
Over-emphasis on efficiency ignores creativity
and innovation.
2.
Rigid structures may reduce teacher
autonomy and morale.
3.
Human factors like motivation,
values, and emotions are often neglected.
4.
May lead to over-standardization and ignore unique
needs of schools.
✅ Summary of How to Approach These Questions:
1.
Understand the key terms – identify what is
being asked (definition, discussion, role, justification).
2.
Explain clearly – don’t just list;
provide reasoning or examples.
3.
Use headings and bullet points – helps marks and
readability.
4.
Link theory to education – even industrial or
business theories must be applied to schools.