GUIDANCE
AND COUNSELLING II PAST QUESTION AND ANSWER
QUESTION 1
(a)
Define Group Dynamics process of counseling (5 marks)
What the
question asks:
·
Define
the concept of group dynamics in counseling.
In-depth
answer:
·
Group Dynamics in counseling refers to the interactions
and processes among members of a counseling group that influence their behavior,
learning, and growth.
·
It
studies how people influence each other, communicate, form relationships, and
resolve conflicts
within a group.
·
Example:
In a peer counseling session, understanding how group pressure, cooperation, or
leadership affects participation.
(b)
Enumerate and discuss any five (5) factors to be considered in forming a
counseling group (20 marks)
What the
question asks:
·
Identify
important considerations when forming a group and explain why each matters.
In-depth
answer:
1. Size of
the group –
Ideal size is small (6–12 members) to allow meaningful participation.
2. Age and
developmental level – Members should be at similar stages for effective communication.
3. Common
problems or issues
– Group members should have similar concerns for relevant discussion.
4. Personality
traits – Mix of
personalities should encourage interaction without conflict.
5. Cultural
background –
Consideration of diversity to avoid misunderstandings or discomfort.
QUESTION
2
(a) List
and explain the five (5) stages involved in Donald Super's theory (15 marks)
What the
question asks:
·
Explain
Super’s career development stages with their characteristics.
In-depth
answer:
1. Growth
(0–14 years) –
Developing self-concept, attitudes, and basic interests.
2. Exploration
(15–24 years) –
Trying out careers through classes, work experiences, and hobbies.
3. Establishment
(25–44 years) –
Settling into a career, achieving stability and advancement.
4. Maintenance
(45–64 years) –
Sustaining career position and updating skills.
5. Decline/Disengagement
(65+ years) –
Gradual retirement, reduced work involvement, and preparation for post-career
life.
(b) Discuss
three (3) implications of Holland's personality traits in counseling (10 marks)
What the
question asks:
·
Explain
how Holland’s theory guides career choice based on personality types.
In-depth
answer:
1. Person-Environment
Fit – Counselors
help clients choose careers compatible with their personality type (Realistic,
Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional).
2. Predicting
Job Satisfaction
– Aligning personality and occupation increases satisfaction and performance.
3. Career
Guidance Planning
– Helps design interventions, vocational tests, and counseling strategies
suited to individual traits.
QUESTION
3
Enumerate
and discuss the five (5) stages involved in the counseling process
What the
question asks:
·
Explain
the steps a counselor follows to help a client effectively.
In-depth
answer:
1. Establishing
rapport –
Building trust and a safe environment for clients to open up.
2. Identifying
the problem –
Understanding the client’s issue through conversation and assessment.
3. Exploring
the problem –
Analyzing causes, feelings, and effects of the problem.
4. Developing
a plan of action
– Collaborating with the client to find solutions.
5. Termination
and follow-up –
Ending counseling sessions appropriately and monitoring progress.
QUESTION
4
(a)
Define listening in guidance and counseling (25 marks)
What the
question asks:
·
Provide
a detailed explanation of listening as a counseling skill.
In-depth
answer:
·
Listening is the active process of receiving,
understanding, interpreting, and responding to a client’s verbal and non-verbal
messages.
·
In
counseling, effective listening involves:
o
Full
attention to the speaker
o
Observing
body language and tone
o
Avoiding
judgment
o
Reflecting
and clarifying statements
·
Example:
A counselor noticing both the client’s words and anxiety signs to respond
appropriately.
(b)
Explain any four (4) factors that hinder effective listening (20 marks)
In-depth
answer:
1. Distractions – Environmental noise or internal
thoughts prevent focus.
2. Prejudice
or bias –
Counselor or client assumptions interfere with understanding.
3. Emotional
state – Stress,
anger, or anxiety reduces listening ability.
4. Poor
communication skills – Misinterpretation due to unclear expression or lack of feedback.
QUESTION
5
Discuss
the five (5) Donald Super's stages of vocational development (25 marks)
What the
question asks:
·
Same
as Question 2(a), but in detail, focusing on career
guidance implications.
In-depth
answer:
1. Growth
(0–14 years) –
Self-awareness, interests, and basic skills.
2. Exploration
(15–24 years) –
Trying different roles, internships, and education paths.
3. Establishment
(25–44 years) –
Securing a career, advancing, building expertise.
4. Maintenance
(45–64 years) –
Preserving status, mentoring, and skill updates.
5. Decline/Disengagement
(65+ years) –
Preparing for retirement, reducing workload, planning post-career life.
QUESTION
6
(a) What
is record keeping? (5 marks)
What the
question asks:
·
Define
record keeping in counseling.
In-depth
answer:
·
Record keeping is the systematic process of documenting
information about clients, sessions, assessments, and progress in counseling.
(b)
Explain any five (5) purposes of record keeping in counseling (20 marks)
In-depth
answer:
1. Monitoring
client progress
– Helps track changes and development over time.
2. Providing
continuity –
Ensures information is available for future sessions or counselors.
3. Legal
protection –
Records can provide evidence in case of disputes.
4. Planning
interventions –
Helps tailor counseling strategies based on documented history.
5. Evaluation
and research –
Allows assessment of counseling effectiveness and program improvement.
✅
Tips for PDF-114 Exam:
1. Use
headings and bullet points for clarity.
2. Give
examples – group
dynamics, personality traits, career stages, or listening scenarios.
3. Link
theory to practice
– Show how counseling theories or processes help real clients.
4. Repeat
key terms –
Rapport, record keeping, participation, personality types, and stages.